A SSM/I and collocated radiosonde observation data set provided by the NASDA(Japan) was used to retrieve the total precipitable water (PW) over oceans. The retrieval results obtained with several regression algorithms were compared to the radiosonde measurements. It is shown that : (a) the routinely operational algorithm of Alishouse et al.(1990) yields significant underestimates in high PW regime and overestimates in low PW regime; (b) a cubic correction by Colton and Poe (1994) is not sufficient and globally improves very slightly the retrieval results; and (c) the regression algorithm with the form of brightness temperature (TB) function ln(280-TB) seems to give a little largely scattered retrievals but without noticeable over-and underestimates in low and high PW regimes. To improve the estimation of the oceanic precipitable water from the SSM/I TB measurements, a composite algorithm with different forms of TB function in low, medium and high PW regimes is proposed and tested.

In vegetation district,as a result of that the plant absorb Au and associated elements of lock and soil,the contents of Au and associated elements,pigment,water surface temperature,and cells structure in leaves occur variations,even the plant cause abnormality of biogeochemical effect,thus it appear abnormality in the spectral information of TM image.This paper takes the Hetai gold deposit as researh target.According to these feature and difference,we extract the abnormal feature of biogeochemical effect using remote sensing image processing,and enclose the remote sensing abnormal areas of mineral,thus we achieve the goal to find hidden deposits in vegetation.Meanwhile we go on looking for mineral deposits in western Guangdong and Heilongjiang,and evaluate rapid two the remote sensing abnormal areas.The results proved that remote sensing technology is a rapid,accurate and economical method for applying to practice of looking for mineral deposits in vegetation district,the new way is explored to be looking for hidden deposits in vegetation district.

It was interesting to discuss the relationship between land-cover condition and temperature clearly with Landsat/TM image data. This paper classified the landcovers in Tokyo area with TM image band 1,2,3,4,5,and got the temperature distribution in the same area with TM image band 6 by applying image processing. The result proved that the correspondence between land-covers and temperature distribution was high.

Characteristic matrix of multi-detector imaging spectrum system in its spacial sampling direction is derived firstly from the LSF of one-detector system by numerical calculation,using it we can obtain the output of system under known sine wave input,it is also proved that there exists no MTF in this direction of the system,but the contrast transfer function will reflect the transfer performance of system to sine signals with different periods well.

In this paper, the new technique of along track scanning radiometer(ATSR) is described in detail. Then reviewing the application of ATSR data over sea and land surface.Meanwhile, the possible problems on the application through the land surface are discussed here. It is indicated the dual-angle,dual-channel scanning of ATSR not only corrects the atmospheric effects successfully, but also provides the useful information about atmosphere status and scanned areas. It is no doubt that ATSR data will be used widely in the future.

Similarity coefficient cluster analysis is used to deal with 53 rock laboratorial reflectance spectra from the Wulashan mountain,the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.This method classifies the samples based on analysis between vectors in N-dimensional vector space,and reveals total similarity difference o f rock spectral shape in 0.4～2.5μm.Results show that the reflective properties of rock are different from the properties of petrographic classification.The paper gives a method to classify rock according to similarity ofspectral shape,meanwhile it analies the advantages and disadvantages of Spectral Angle Mapping(SAM)in imaging spectrametrey,and provides a meaningful spectral basis for image processing.

In this paper,principal component analysis(PCA)used to fuse Landsat TM with SAR image is discussed.The images generated by PCA fusion method have higher spatial resolution while maintaining the basic spectral contents of the original TM images.Comparison are made qualitatively and quantitatively with HIS method.The PCA fusion method distorts the spectral characteristics less than the HIS method does,so their capabilites of the images generated by the PCA fusion method are improved both in interpretation and in measurement.They will be more widely applied in practice.

It is indicated that atmospheric correction for optical remote sensing is one of the problems to be solved in urgent need for quantitative remote sensing.The correction results depend on which we employ and their accuracy,such as the model of atmospheric particles,the hypothesis of surface properties,as well as the theory of radiance transfer.Scientists have to balance between a complicated theory and an accurate result.Then,an analysis and summary to those effective factors is submitted comprehensively and in detail.The developing history and the current status of the related researches are described,as well as the direct and indirect correction methods are introduced.It is also reminded that the theory and method of atmospheric correction need a further advance and complement considering their defects in practice.Finally,we conclude a strategy for the atmospheric correction.

Conventional observations of sea surface wind speeds are provided by ships,buoys, coastal or island station,but they have limits in time and space which hinder further study of vast ocean area.Satellite remote sensing,especially microwave remote sensing,is becoming main method to measure sea surface wind with the development of space technology since wind speeds derived from satellite microwave sensors have the advantages in spatial and temporal resolutions.There are mainly three kinds of microwave sensors used to detect sea surface winds at present,they are scatterometer,radiometer and altimeter.The properties and features of these three microwave sensors are compared,and two methods to obtain the sea surface wind fields in large scale,one of which is comprehensive analysis of multi-source remote sensing information,another is numerical assimilation are indicated in this paper.

Hyperspectral remote sensing data,compared with wide-band remote sensing data,has the advantage of high spectral resolution.Hyperspectral remote sensing information processing involves radiometric calibration, image enhancement, pixel unmixing, spectral matching,and derivative spectral technology,etc. Hyperspectral remote sensing has been used to analyze Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),Leaf Area Index(LAI)and Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation(APAR).In vegetation monitoring,it has been used to detect the canopy biochemical characteristics,to analyze the vegetation parameters and to monitor the vegetation growth state.An detailed review on recent works focused on the above several points is given in the paper.Finally,the author s viewpoint on the future development of image spectrometry in vegetation monitoring is stressed.

An analysis of range error,which is induced by the factors such as scanning angle of laser beam,slope of the target terrain, scattering angle of laser beam,the precision of location of GPS and the precision of attitude measurement of INS etc,is proposed.A quantitative evaluation of the errors is discribed.All of these can be used as the scientific basis for practised using and improving of airborne scanning laser rangefinder.

Four methods of evaluating burned area of big forest fire,counting pixels corrected by pixel-value,counting pixels corrected by NDVI,calculating coordinators of boundary pixels and spreading-method,are presented through analyzing the material about vast area of forest fire in resent years and relative NOAA/AVHRR data.The above methods,based on GIS database,to evaluate the burned area of forest fire are accurate and fast.In this spring,there was a forest fire in the Inner Mongolia,the accuracy of evaluating burned area by using these methods is 90 percent.

Man-machine interactive interpreting and analysing by using remote sensing is the method of cooperating computer with man and doing remote sensing analyse together.It will be more exactly and effectively interpreting and analysing,because this method fully takes advantage of the computer and man.In this paper,it is carried out man-machine interactive interpreting and analysing of the land resource by using remote sensing with the help of Core1DRAW! 6 software,and do some research on its realizable condition, process and main characteristics.In the end,its applications illustrates by example.

This paper studied the applied benefits of meteorological satellite technology in Jilin province with Delphi method riper in expert valuations.According to characteristics of the application and service in the province,we defined the trades,extents,experts and contents of the valuation,and designed advisory investigation forms.The investigations were finished by means of communication,individually face to face with introductions in advance.After investigations twice in the experts selected,we adopted an unified calculation model to count up and analyse item by item in classified making use of gross national products(GNP) of related trades of Jilin province.Finally,it was obtained by synthetic analysis and valuation that the total applied benefit of meteorological satellite remote sensing technology in the province is about 530 million yuans(RMB),and the ratio between benefit and cost is 18∶1.

An automatic classifiction method for multi-bands clouds images of satellites is presented,it consists of collecting clouds images samples,selecting measurements for features,constructing representing models and classification trees.In order to bring down the difficultities for classification and reconition of clouds images,the non rigid bodies,we not only use the single band features of clouds images,but also conducting features fusion to get more information.Using this method,we identify automatically eight classes of clouds images successfully.

Snow disaster is one of the main disasters in the pastureland of our conutry.As one new advanced technique and having the characteristics of macroscopic synthesis and dynamic highspeed,remote sensing has been used in many fields and has done many contributions to these fields.In this paper,the advantages of remote sensing and its application in the research of snow disaster monitoring were introduced.

The popularity of GIS technology makes the geographic information sharing the greatest challenge in Chinese GIS Society.It is generally argued that data sharing is not only a technological activity,but also a economic and a social activity.The paper has focused its efforts mainly on the issues related to data-sharing technologies and standards.A summary of related problems in the current data sharing practice has been given in the first part.The supposition of further technical and standard-making efforts needed to tackle the problems has been presented in the second part of this paper,including the design of the semantis GIS model,the construction of the technical standard system,the GIS interoperabiligy and data safety.

The spatial database of the urban resources and environment information system was established in the central area of Guiyang city.The urban resources and environment are assessed comprehensively and the information is provided for the city planning and management by the means of the technology of remote sensing and geographic information system. The PAMAP GIS is the main tool to design and establish the spatial database.The remote sensed data is the main information to enrich and renew the database during collecting the data.The database comprises two parts:the first one is fundamental geographic database including the digital elevation model and the basic geographic maps;the second one is the resources and environment database including the thematic maps.

This paper focuses on the analysis and comparison of three common commercial software for remote sensing digital image processing.Three software:ENVI,ERMapper and PCI,by software s designing thought,construction,function and feature,are compared and analyzed.Meanwhile,the development of the technique of remote sensing image processing and the software pertinent is traced too.The three software are compared by their function,including file importing and management,image display and control,image correction,image enhancement,classification,vector,GIS and mapping,DEM,hypersectral analysis,and SAR processing.

Forest ecological research is an ambitious objective of remote sensing community for the future years,since many environmental problems,such as desertification,climatic change,carbon dioxide conentration,etc,are related to forest ecology.Imaging radar is a new remote sensing tool for forest ecology,and has played an important role and has obvious effects.In the paper,the author firstly introduced several imaging radar systems used for the forest ecological studies,which are the major imaging radar systems all over the world at present.Then based on a large amount of detailed references,the imaging radar for forest ecological applications, including in discrimination and classification of forest type,biomass estimation and forest change monitoring,are analyzed. Finally,the optimum radar parameters of forest ecological applications are suggested.It will be very useful to carry out forest  ecological applications using imaging radar data.

Based on mastering the newest internal and external research positive results and taking part in many study works,the importance of remote sensing technology for grassland science have been mainly discussed in this paper,and further,the main research achievements and advances,and prospects of remote sensing technology for grassland applications are introduced and shown in order to provide general situations for understanding the developing trends and improving the decisions in recent years.

The objective of the study (Zhejiang province as our test region) was to investigate how to utilize synthetically a wide variety of geographical information,included topographic map,vegetation map,land cover/use map and other ancillary information,for estimating rice planting area of hilly region in southern China by remote sensing technique with NOAA/AVHRR data.The research contents mostly concerned both the contrast tests on practical approaches and the relative stability test on training sample.Both DEM and digital slope imagery derived from the digital relief map were used for the purpose of improving the classification accuracies of AVHRR data in large hilly region.The results indicated that the accuracies of maximum-likehood classification could satisfy the professional requirement of estimating rice planting area and fuzzy supervised classification based on unmixing AVHRR imagery has better classification and stability than MLK.In addition,the results through using DEM and slope imagery as categorization data suggests slope imagery may improve the results of extracting paddy field signatures from AVHRR,particularly may improve the spatial precisions,while DEM contribute nothing to improve the accuracies mentioned above.The results also indicated that the precisions of estimating rice planting area with relative stable training sample exceeded 92%,up to 98%.
　

In this paper, the design of Snow Monitoring and Application System (SMAS),through the integration of existing relevant commercial software with object-oriented programming technology,including the system conceptual structure,logical structure and realization methodology were described.Also,the applied models and parts of their results were presented.Brief evaluation of this system was given at last.

In the present article the feasibility of estimating the gas transfer velocity across airsea interface in terms of microwave backscatter is explored by combining two computation methods proposed or adapted previously by the authors〔1〕. The predictions of gas transfer velocity in terms of microwave backscattering was compared with the simultaneous measurement data of gas transfer velocity and microwave backscatter obtained by Wanninkhof and Bliven〔2〕in Delft big wave tank. Satisfactory comparison results were obtained. Usage of the present computation methods in making prediction has advantage of greater flexibility over empirical correlation like those in〔2〕, as the proposed approach is less dependent on the working frequency of the microwave instrument and various data sources of gas transfer and microwave backscatter measurements can be utilized to improve the prediction.

It is undoubted there are some interdependent relationships between rock and soil,on either their compositions or spectrum.The paper analysis lab.reflectance spectrum(0.4～2.5μm) of soils and their parent rocks from the Western Qinling area.In the respects of spectral evolution of parent rocks and soils,during different weathering period and between different soil layers,also the effect of organic and ferric oxide matter to spectrum are discussed.It is important for remote sensing to identify the underlying rock and alteration,through spectrum of their soils.

The received channel about spaceborne microwave imaging instrument,a microwave radiometer,is the kernel section of space-borne microwave imaging instrument.The key and foundation of simulative study is the method of signal processing.The mathematical model of every section is given.The mathematical means of discrete Fast Fourier Transform is used in signal processing.The contradiction of frequency resolving power and the number samples by discrete Fourier Transform is analyzed and relieved.To take the totalpower microwave radiometer for example the simulative study has been done and the result is given.These lay a foundation for the advancement of realizing system and environment debugging.Also these give a reference to the simulative study of other type of microwave radiometers.

This paper describes a project that the earth can be observed in the staring mode with the high-resolution solid-state imaging device in the geostationary orbit,analyzes the geometric relations when the sensor operates in the staring mode,and according to the current solid-state imaging devices,gives two kind of sensor designs employing 5 000-by-5 000 elements CCD and 1 000-by-1 000 elements infrared FPA,similar to VHRR and GOES-9 in performance.The analysis results indicate that it is a very attractive project in the meteorological and ocean remote sensing to observe the earth in the staring mode in the geostationary orbit.
　

The image of forest fire monitoring from polar orbiting meteorlogical satellite receiving and processing system is a kind of pseudo color image synthesized by multi-channel data.It reformed by picture encoding and data compression,then was converted into common picture format that can be recognized and displayed on PC.Depending on the computer network,the system enable remote users to attain the picture files,process and show them on terminal.This paper involved some contents such as picture encoding,picture conversion and display etc.

This paper discussed a speckle suppressed and reduction technology for SAR images and analysis characteristic of many speckle reduction algorithms.Comparing advantages and defect of different algorithms and proposed a speckle reduction in multiscale and multi-orientation by using nonlinear wavelet analysis is one of very significant directions.

By fusing ADEOS AVNIR panchromatic channel(PAN) with 8m resolution into its multispectral channel(XS) with 16m resolution,it is possible to produce a high resolution image suitable for photo integration.The principal component analysis(PCA) method has been tested in order to produce color composite image with a high spatial resolution using ADEOS AVNIR' s multispectral mode(16m,four channels) in combination with its 8m panchromatic mode.The fusion process involves two steps:1)Geometric calibration of the AVNIR XS data and PAN data.the geometric error is less than one pixel size(<8m);2) Conducting principal component analysis and reverse principal component analysis to merge the XS and PAN data.Both visual interpretation and statistical index(i.e.Minmax,mean,median,standard deviation and information quantity) are applied to analyze the fusion effect.The results show that the rich multispectral content are maintained after fusion while the spatial resolution increased.

We call Remote Sensing Process software,Geographical Information System software and Relational Database software which capture,store,analysis and process geographical information as Geographical Information Engineering software.This article analyzes the characters of those three kinds software,compares their commercial models which were often used,and put forward an Client/Server based Geographical Information Engineering software architecture to integrate those software together.We suggest two methods of integration model——metadata based and API(Application Programming Interface)based.Metadata based integration model can reach file level integration,it is suitable for current systems based on commercial Geographical Information Engineering software integration.API based integration model can reach object level integration and stands for the future of Geographical Information Engineering software integration.

This paper presented application of geographical information system(GIS)on marine environmental impact assessment.In Dalian bay,GIS technique was used to solve the problem of marine resource utilization and environment protection by developing and utilizing marine resource information.It is in detail introduced that model is linked with spatial data by programming script of macro language of Arcview.

The paper divides the period of monitoring natural disasters and assessing their damage using remote sensing between 1970 and today in China into four stages.The first one is the 1970s,called the starting stage;the second is the 1980s,called the developed stage;the third is from 1991 to 1995,called the further developed stage;and the last is between 1996 and today,called the operation stage.The characters of each stage are described and the work that The Chineses Academy of Sciences has done is introduced,and also the problems that should be solved in the near future are presented in the paper.

In the course of the catastrophic flood this year,China Remote Sensing Satellite Ground Station(RSGS),utilizing Radarsat,Which is up to now the advanced civil microwave radar satellite in the world and lanched by Canada in 1995,undertaked full-field monitoring,repeatedly on the Changjiang River valley and the Nen-Snog valley with dynarmic frequency of every three days from the middle of July,which has taken important effects on relevent departments' timely keeping abreast of flood situation.This paper briefs the technology characteristics of Radarsat SAR and its positive role in high-speed response on the flood of this year.

This article aimed to develop a method to enhance the settlement information by mining the texture information reflected in the JERS-1 SAR imagery.The texture information can be estimated by using gray level co-occurrence matrix from which 12 texture images can be derived.Two texture images with lowest co-relationship with other texture images were selected by correlation analysis,and processed together with original image.We applied the method to the JERS-1 SAR imagery covering Dongting Lake area.Firstly,the twelve texture imageries were produced from the primary imagery by using gray level co-occurrence matrix. Secondly correlation analysis was used among all of theses imageries.Finally, false color composite was applied among three imageries from all of the imageries on the basis of the results of correlation analysis in order to choice best imageries combina-
tion.The results of the research show that it is effective to enhance settlement information by using the method.
　

Using Thematic Mapper data,to extracting thematic information,the article explores two kinds of techniques:Separate technique and mask technique,for degrading vegetable cover effects.The article introduces classified reason,principle and result of several methods com- prised in the two techniques,at last advocates to apply suitable methods according to terrain.
　　　　　　

Comparing with the kinds of different information sources of remote sensing,this paper elaborates the interpretion and analysis of desertified land and others and then carries on valuation of precision on the general investigation.The result shows that remote sensing technology is a rapid,accurae and economical method for the general investigation of desertification.At the same time,it will be used for monitoring,controlling of desertification in the future.

This paper describes a project that the earth can be observed in the staring mode with the high-resolution solid-state imaging device on the geostationary orbit,and according to the current solid-state imaging devices,gives an imager design employing 5 000-by-5 000 elements CCD and 1 000-by-1 000 elements infrared FPA,similar to the five-channel Visible-Infrared Imager on GOES-8 and GOES-9 in performance.The analysis results indicate that it is a very attractive project in the meteorological and ocean remote sensing to observe the earth in the staring mode on the geostationary orbit.

According to the reality of agro-meteorological operational services in Henan Province and based on systematic researches into the monitoring theories,models,data processing,index and application technique of NOAA/AVHRR remote sensing,the monitoring model of NOAA/AVHRR remote sensing on winter wheat drought has been developed.Some questions existing in this field such as the influence of various soil types and wind velocity on the remote sensing monitoring for drought,the coupling of soil surface layers moisture with that of the deep layers and the method for retrieving soil moisture using single phase remote sensing data etc.,have been further studied with GIS technology.The results showed that the retrieving effects of distinguishing soil types are better than those of undistinguishing soil types,the influences of wind velocity in retrieving moisture of soil surface layers should be considered,but not in deep soil layers and the effects that retrieve the deep soil layers moistures in terms of the soil surface moisture obtained by remote sensing are better than these creating statistical models directly by distinguishing soil types,because a good nonlinear relation exists between the soil surface layer mositure and deep soil layers moisture.Under the condition of considering the factors of temperature and vegetation,the accuracy of retrieving soil moisture by means of single-phase remote sensing data is a little bit higher than that by using the method of thermal inertia.The basic integrating application of GIS and RS has been realized and the accuracy of integrating for remote sensing drought has been improved with some connection software.Finally,the application services system of monitoring winter wheat drought in Henan Province has been established.