Chang’e-1 Microwave Sounder (CELMS) is a main payload of Chang’e-1 Moon Orbit Satellite in the first stage of China Lunar Probe.CELMS is a four frequency microwave radiometer with frequencies 3 GHz,7.8 GHz,19.35 GHz and 37 GHz.During the one year and four months' working in lunar orbit,it got huge scientific data covering full moon surface was got and moon globe microwave emission feature world was obtained firstly,besides,for the first time in the world,the microwave brightness temperature map in globe scale was achieved and the Microwave Moon (MicM)was established.MicM consists of a moon globe microwave brightness temperature map,lunar pole microwave anomalies feature map and some featured area microwave emission feature maps.
In this paper,some new results from MicM analyzing was given,especially the new features of lunar far-side world first,such as the microwave brightness temperature of far-side is much lower than that of near-side,which may be concerned with geological feature of far-side and the evolution history of the moon.The regolith layer thickness of far-side is much thinner than near side while the dielectric constant of area 40°S~70°S and 150°W~150°E is fairly low,which shows that the dielectric constant of this area is very high.
The CELMS result shows that the moon globe regolith depth is 5~6 meters in average and 3He is closer to 1 million tone.
Chang’E-1 Lunar Microwave Sounder of China (CELMS) provided a new tool to understand the Moon.The multi-channel data obtained by CELMS was used to study the microwave radiation properties of the Moon.Based on the radiative transfer theory and statistical analysis theory,the general characteristics of the microwave radiation characteristics of the Moon were analyzed firstly,as well as the influencing factors;then,the microwave radiation characteristics of a few specific areas were focused on.With the general and typical characteristics study of the microwave radiation of the Moon,the paper tried to provide some useful information to further understand of the Moon.The study results showed that:the brightness temperatures of the moon have significant space-time-frequency dependence;solar radiation is an important factor for the lunar microwave radiation;the microwave radiation properties between local regions were different obviously,and the local latitude or solar radiation still had influence to local microwave brightness temperatures,but the influence degree was smaller than the global degree in general,and varied in different regions,while the impact of other factors enhanced relatively.It could be shown that the microwave properties were significantly different from the optical properties,and they could be combined to use for further revealing the physical and chemical properties of the Moon.
ChangE-1 Lunar Microwave Sounder （CELMS） is the first attempt to sound lunar soil by passive microwave sensors.Microwave emission from cosmic background is used as low-temperature reference for the in-orbit calibration of CELMS,which is usually assumed 2.7 K.But when the calibration antenna of CELMS is pointed to the space background for cold-sky calibration,some celestial bodies near the moon,such as the sun,the earth and some other radio sources with larger angular breadth from the moon and stronger radiation in microwave band,like the galactic center,Cygnus,Taurus etc.,may enter the calibration antenna at some certain time.These additional microwave emissions can be the main factor affecting calibration accuracy of CELMS.In this paper,the orbit analysis of CE-1 lunar satellite is provided.The incident angles and microwave emission contributions of each celestial body entering the view of the calibration antenna are calculated according to the distribution of these microwave radiation sources.Some results of the effect of the space microwave emission environment on the calibration accuracy of CELMS are obtained.Based on these results,it can be concluded that the biggest effect is from the radiation of the sun,followed by the earth and the galactic center.All these factors can lead to an effect with a magnitude of 10 K.
The structure and function of Mountainous-Oasis-Desert System (MODS) is the basis of understanding ecological laws and ecological process.As one of the hot spots in Geo-informatic TUPU,Informatic TUPU of ecological landscape develops a new way for pattern changes of ecological landscape of MODS in arid zone. In order to set up the informatic TUPU of mountainous landscape,oasis landscape and desert landscape,attribute data and statistic data also including the images of Landsat TM in 2000 and CBERS-02 CCD in 2005 are used,as well as the mode recognization,thematic classification and TUPU expression based on GIS.Furthermore,the attribute database is built up,based on remote sensing and DEM data and integrated with ecological landscape characteristics ecological landscape classification.Meanwhile,using thematic mapping of landscape,function of multi-data on setting up the ecological information TUPU was also bring in.As a result,the TUPU mode of ecological Landscape is designed and the spatial and temporal characteristics of MODS are analyzed based on the informatic TUPU.
Taking Shunchang County as the research region,the technology of bamboo resources thematic information extraction from the remote sensing images in the South of China is studied and discussed.Using maximum likelihood and the technology of stack and mask,the spectrum film was carved up according to the analysis for the spectrum difference between bamboo resources and other forest lands.Afterwards,the texture difference was analyzed and the bamboo resources thematic information extraction technology,based on the spectrum film-Texture oriented was put forward on the basis of Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix.The result shows that the extraction overall accuracy could reach 84.8% with the help of the technology and it is of good feasibility and superiority in the south of China.
SRM is used for daily runoff forecast of Manasi river basin. Snow-melting flood of the basin in spring is monitored and warned technically for the purpose of flood control,drought resistance, and water resources untilisation. Innovatively, using CMA T213 metereological data to forecast zonal temperature and precipication of the basin is regarded as a data eploratory analysis of snow-melting runoff. With our self-developed version 1.0 software of snow-melting runoff simulation and forecast, pariticuarly we make a forecast of snow-melting runoff in the Kensiwate hydrological station of Manasi river basin in spring, 2004. Two precision indexes of the forecast model SRM has shown the reliability of the forecast results.
The relationship between urban heat island and underlying surface was analyzed based on Landsat ETM+ data by combining mathematical statistics with spatial statistics.Impervious surface distribution together with vegetation and soil cover,is estimated through a constrained linear spectral mixture model using Landsat ETM+ data within the metropolitan area of Lanzhou municipality in China.Four endmembers,low albedo,high albedo,vegetation and soil are selected to model complicated urban land cover.Estimation accuracy is assessed using root mean square(RMS)error and color aerial photography.The urban underlying surface was represented by green vegetation and impervious surface generated by the linear spectral mixture analysis while the urban heat island strength was represented by land surface temperature retrieved from the thermal band.Results suggest that impervious surface distribution and green vegetation can be derived from remotely sensed imagery with promising accuracy；a positive spatial autocorrelation exists in the distribution of green vegetation,impervious surface and heat island strength in Lanzhou City.
A technique is presented in this paper for estimating the Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in the high turbid water of the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent sea area based on the Linear Spectral Mixture Model (LSMM) with the MODIS imagery.The spectral data of different SSC measured in the lab is used to get the SSC~f highnonlinear calibration formula which is then adopted to adjust the SSC retrieved from the atmospheric-corrected MODIS imagery.The highest,lowest SSC end-members from the experimental spectral data and the Chl-a end-member selected from the atmospheric-corrected MODIS imagery are chosen in the LSMM.It is shown that the result is believable and convincible by analyzing the SSC spatial distribution and validation using several historical statistical SSC data in the study sea area.Compared to the empirical method,the presented method needs little the real-time in-suit data and may produce more accurate result in high turbid estuarine water since it incorporates analyses of multiple wavelength bands and a nonlinear calibration.
With the implementation of stratagem on the dvelopment of south part in Guangzhou,the economics of Panyu and Nansha Districts are growing fastly,at the same time,the land use was changed tremendously.Several types of land use varied greatly,and the city is quickly spreading.The land use and the city spreading was analyzed based on remote sensing and GIS.Compared with the other places,it shows that the quantitative characteristic or the spacial discrepancy of land use changing is notable.In the end,several advices to preventing the spreading of Guangzhou is put forward.
The land use change process in Xi’an form 2000 to 2007 was analyzed by using ArcGIS9.0 and ERDAS8.5 as the platform and the ecological effects change caused by LUCC from 2000 to 2007 was also calculated.The results show:Xi’an land use/cover change was great during the past 7 years,the comprehensive land dynamic degree was1.9%,construction land area increased year by year,the rate of change per year achieved 3.1%; The Xi’an city ecosystem services values reduced during 7 years from 259.8 ×106 Yuan to 233.6×106 Yuan,totally reduced 26.2×106 Yuan; This article proved study the land use/cover change caused by ecological effects by GIS and RS was an effective method.
The rapid development of spatial information technology makes it possible to combine spatial information with digital tourism.G/S model is a new type of spatial information network service model.Based on the framework system of the digital tourism services platform the practical method of constructing the digital tourism services platform is studied and presented,by means of G/S model.
Most vegetation distributes in rugged terrain and for the terrain is so complex,the same or similar vegetations show various reflectivities in remotely sensed imagery or the different vegetations have the similar reflectivites,which will lead the error on the vegetation index(VI) evaluation and also will reduce the precision of the vegetation biomass evaluation.In this paper,Landsat ETM+ imagery is adopted to evaluate the topographical influences on VI in complex terrain.The detailed analysis indicates that VI is sensitive to the variation of red-reflectivity which is strongly influenced by topography.Therefore,topographical influences on VI should not be neglected.
As the detection technology,remote sensing technology has been increasingly used in the field of urban construction and other related research fields.In recent years,the development of high resolution remote sensing promotes urban remote sensing to have a further quantitative development and greatly increases data-processing workload;how to select the valuable information from the mass of remote sensing data has been a resolved problem.A method was put forward based on Sobel operator and mathematical morphology.Adopting a QuickBird multi-spectral image of Fuxin District in 2001,the method of building extraction from high resolution and multi-spectral images was proposed.
Agriculture resource information management system takes a good effect on agriculture resource utilization and rural economic development.The SOA based Agriculture Resource Data Management and Share platform in this article built with 3S,web service,spatial database,components and .Net technology,can be used to manage and analyze agriculture data effectively and also make agricultural decision of the county.Systems at different administrative levels and in different fields could be connected to the platform through the platform's components and service interfaces.The platform structure,function,database design and innovations in the process of platform design and development are also introduced.
The coastline was extracted from Landsat remote sensing image,through edge detection and color composite method,to analyze the variation characteristics of the coast in Daya Bay.Result shows that people activity are the main reason of coastline change,and muddy coast changed most among part of all the four coastline style,sand and rock changed a little.Coast change mostly occurred at west and north part of the Daya Bay which exploited for aquaculture,industry,town and port building.
Polarimetric SAR measures the echo data of ground targets in the form of complex scattering matrix, from which the polarimetricly synthetic image could be obtained with the join of transmitting and receiving Stokes vectors. The aim of the Optimization of Polarimetric Contrast Enhancement (OPCE) is to find a configuration of transmission and reception antennas to obtain the best contrast between the target and background clutter. This paper systematically summarizes the analytical and numerical algorithms, improves the existed methods and thoughts, and finally verifies their validity and rationality through data processing experiments
A mathematical model of fuzzy masking was proposed based on the set theory,which was considered as expansion of the traditional masking.In contrast to the traditional masking which mainly focuses on the problems of spatial mixture,fuzzy masking mainly focuses on the problems of spectral mixture.In our fuzzy masking method,in order to resolve the problem of spectral mixture,spectra-separating technology is used to calculate abundances of the end-member spectra and to create fuzzy subsets of the remote sensing image.Fuzzy Masking method combined with traditional masking method,can provide a better solution for preprocessing of remote sensing imagery.
A lot of data has been accumulated by years of operating of the series satellites-CBERS,among which the CCD image is applied widely.Some researches on classification and identification and on how to invert the apparent reflection for more applications of the CCD image in some relative departments was carried out,especially for the analysis on quantificational remote sensing.The results of classification with maximum likelihood and angle cosine are compared and analyzed as an example of some place in Ningxia Province.
Sky-view factor is an important parameter to research terrain radiant correction of remote sensing image,calculating solar radiation of mountainous area,etc.The integral formula of calculating sky-view factor was described.The formula taking account of neighborhood terrain shelter is an analytical approach.The discrete methods of implementing the formula are introduced.After calculating the sky-view factor using the analytical approach and conventional simple approach in Taibai mountain region,the result shows that analytical approach is more scientific and accurate than the conventional simple approach.
Different sensor-viewers require different computing model for land coverage.In order to unify the computing model for different sensor-viewers,a new computing model is proposed to solve the problem.The advantage of the model is universal,fast computing and with high precision.Moreover,the coverage can be described timely with high accuracy.As referenced with STK,the model reaches highly accuracy in the experimental results.
The surface of the earth is considered as a unified elevation when satellite remote sensing platforms imaging,but these problems such as target missing and target detection repeatition will be caused significantly with high-resolution sensor in staring mode.Based on the analysis to these problems,a new method to control the satellite attitude combining with low accuracy DEM within payloads ability is put forward in this paper.Futhermore based on World Wind a three-dimensional Earth data browsing software developed by NASA,the Effect Drawing of satellites attitude control considering the DEM is shown,which provides a new method to obtain high-precision data.
The quality of data measured by microwave radiometer depends on high-accuracy on-orbit calibration.Firstly,two-point calibration scheme for conventional microwave radiometer was described.Secondly,three types of fully polarimetric calibration scheme including external calibration,internal calibration and hybrid calibration scheme were analyzed in terms of on-orbit application.Lastly,a comparative analysis of on-orbit calibration was presented between fully polarimetric and conventional radiometer in terms of calibration equation,calibration error and calibration accuracy.
The method of derivation of land surface temperature related to Landsat data was introduced,and a detailed review of researches on UHI conducted by experts all over the world in such aspects as its causes,thermal pattern and process change was given.On such a basis,some existing problems was pointed out and the development trend of applying Landsat data to study urban heat island in future was predicted.
