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遥感技术与应用  2023, Vol. 38 Issue (5): 1226-1238    DOI: 10.11873/j.issn.1004-0323.2023.5.1226
遥感应用     
土地利用景观格局的地形分异及驱动机制研究
杨祯琦1,2(),麻明友2,田建林2()
1.河南理工大学 测绘与国土信息工程学院,河南 焦作 454000
2.吉首大学 土木工程与建筑学院,湖南 张家界 427000
Terrain Differentiation and Driving Mechanism of Land Use Landscape Pattern
Zhenqi YANG1,2(),Mingyou MA2,Jianlin TIAN2()
1.College of Surveying,Mapping and Land Information Engineering,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo 454000,China
 全文: PDF(1926 KB)   HTML
摘要:

研究土地利用景观格局的地形分异特征及其驱动机制,对于土地利用优化及景观动态管理具有重要意义。选择地形复杂、覆被类型多样、以旅游干扰为主的张家界市永定区为研究对象,将研究区多个年份的景观类型图与高程、坡度、坡向分级图逐个叠加并进行分类统计;从景观水平指数和类型水平指数中选取斑块密度(PD)、聚合度指数(AI)、蔓延度指数(CONTAG)等8个景观指数,计算指数年份变化,探讨其地形分异规律和驱动机制。结果表明:①研究区土地利用景观类型具有明显的海拔梯度特征,80 %以上的土地面积集中于海拔300~800 m与坡度6°~35°的区域;②无论是景观水平指数还是类型水平指数,其地形分异特征明显,且高程与坡度的分异明显高于坡向分异;③地形梯度较大区域(高海拔陡坡区)的土地利用景观格局演变以自然生态演变导向为主,而地形梯度较小区域(低海拔缓坡区域)的演变受社会经济因子干扰较明显。

关键词: 土地利用景观格局地形分异驱动机制张家界永定区RS与GIS    
Abstract:

Studying the topographic differentiation characteristics and driving mechanism of land use landscape pattern is of great significance for land use optimization and landscape dynamic management. Yongding District of Zhangjiajie City, with complex terrain, various types of coverage and tourism interference, was selected as the research object. The landscape type maps of multiple years in the study area were superimposed one by one with elevation, slope and aspect classification maps, and classified and counted. Eight landscape indices such as Patch Density(PD), Aggregation Index(AI), and contagion index(CONTAG) were selected from the landscape level index and type level index to calculate the annual change of the index and explore its topographic differentiation law and driving mechanism. The results show that : (1) The land use landscape types in the study area have obvious altitude gradient characteristics. More than 80 % of the land area is concentrated in the area with an altitude of 300 ~ 800 m and a slope of 6 ° ~ 35 °. (2) Whether the landscape level index or the type level index, the topographic differentiation characteristics are obvious, and the differentiation of elevation and slope is significantly higher than that of slope direction. (3) The evolution of land use landscape pattern in the area with large terrain gradient ( high altitude steep slope area ) is dominated by natural ecological evolution, while the evolution of the area with small terrain gradient ( low altitude gentle slope area ) is obviously disturbed by social and economic factors.

Key words: Land use    Landscape pattern    Terrain differentiation    Driving mechanism    Zhangjiajie Yongding District    RS and GIS
收稿日期: 2022-06-06 出版日期: 2023-11-07
ZTFLH:  P901  
基金资助: 2021年湖南省研究生科研创新项目(CX20211059)
通讯作者: 田建林     E-mail: 171825364@qq.com;185363236@qq.com
作者简介: 杨祯琦(1988-),女,湖南龙山人,博士研究生,主要从事激光雷达遥感应用研究。E?mail:171825364@qq.com
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引用本文:

杨祯琦,麻明友,田建林. 土地利用景观格局的地形分异及驱动机制研究[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2023, 38(5): 1226-1238.

Zhenqi YANG,Mingyou MA,Jianlin TIAN. Terrain Differentiation and Driving Mechanism of Land Use Landscape Pattern. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2023, 38(5): 1226-1238.

链接本文:

http://www.rsta.ac.cn/CN/10.11873/j.issn.1004-0323.2023.5.1226        http://www.rsta.ac.cn/CN/Y2023/V38/I5/1226

图1  张家界市永定区区位图
地类名称含义
耕地指种植农作物的土地,包含旱地、水浇地、水田
林地指生长竹类、乔木、灌木的土地
草地指以天然草本植物为主,用于放牧或割草的草地
水域指天然形成的河流水面、湖泊水面、滩涂等
建设用地指建造建筑物、构筑物的土地,包括农村居民点用地、城镇用地、交通运输用地、特殊用地等
表1  永定区土地利用景观类型分类体系及含义
图2  永定区地形因子等级划分图
年份面积/比例耕地林地草地水域建设用地
2000面积52 400.07142 725.2419 050.662 336.401 819.71
比例24.0065.378.731.070.83
2005面积52 241.85142 686.6319 045.262 347.022 011.32
比例23.9365.358.721.070.92
2015面积52 168.95142 289.9118 909.632 329.202 634.39
比例23.8965.178.661.071.21
2020面积50 561.00142 542.0018 861.802 276.104 091.58
比例23.1665.298.641.041.87
表2  永定区2005-2020年不同土地利用景观类型面积及比例 (hm2)
类型年份高程分级
<200 m200~300 m300~500 m500~800 m>800 m
耕地20059 755.1911 054.6120 080.8910 190.161 314.36
20109 669.2411 029.5020 072.7910 160.011 305.45
20159 417.1510 908.0920 114.1910 342.981 381.68
20208 455.1410 816.3819 753.210 140.211 391.22
林地20053 492.3614 522.1359 131.0852 520.4913 023.54
20103 484.2614 486.1359 100.7552 547.4013 032.45
20153 429.0914 444.2858 986.3652 396.9212 997.35
20203 332.9714 320.3559 230.0852 472.6113 148.70
草地2005471.601 852.655 680.447 253.283 783.24
2010470.971 848.065 680.267 253.283 783.24
2015469.441 818.815 653.267 216.833 742.11
2020430.831 771.385 718.157 352.103 581.55
水域20051 368.54597.60259.47105.484.59
20101 370.70606.06259.47105.484.59
20151 356.57602.64259.29105.484.59
20201 266.48729.9189.2784.964.41
建设用地20051 314.27296.28185.7623.130.18
20101 406.79353.52224.3726.370.18
20151 729.71549.45324.5430.330.18
20202 916.54685.26446.8542.660
表3  永定区2005~2020年土地利用景观类型面积高程分布统计表 (hm2)
类型年份坡度分级
0°~6°6°~15°15°~25°25°~35°>35°
耕地200512 578.2016 776.3015 250.106 019.111 770.48
201012 492.2016 747.0015 226.206 003.451 767.15
201512 243.1016 768.8015 317.106 035.221 798.83
202011 424.9016 458.5015 085.105 878.621 708.47
林地20056 724.1730 255.5048 160.0035 207.6022 337.00
20106 715.6230 236.5048 149.7035 210.3022 333.50
20156 700.7730 040.8048 008.2035 191.4022 307.60
20206 698.0730 057.8048 032.6035 297.8022 412.80
草地2005727.743 937.147 042.864 872.872 457.63
2010727.653 936.157 040.524 871.252 457.27
2015719.103 889.266 988.774 847.132 453.31
2020706.233 862.357 038.814 851.272 392.47
水域20051 090.89576.36296.82170.91200.52
20101 090.89576.90299.97173.34205.02
20151 082.43572.94299.25172.17201.51
20201 015.38554.49299.43170.55234.90

建设

用地

20051 164.06482.67137.5225.569.90
20101 258.74531.36170.9137.7112.60
20151 539.72756.09274.0550.2214.31
20202 440.531 094.76431.4697.8326.91
表4  永定区2005~2020年土地利用景观类型面积坡度分布统计表 (hm2)
类型年份坡向类型
平缓地北坡东北坡东坡东南坡南坡西南坡西坡西北坡

耕地

20051 764.273 527.105 776.117 618.419 230.228 402.227 106.134 877.824 092.93
20101 710.363 522.065 765.137 605.639 209.618 383.957 080.484 843.354 075.56
20151 751.223 606.485 756.137 568.019 177.488 366.40704.864 840.204 090.41
20201 562.313 505.505 564.34730.498 884.988 137.626 893.014 727.253 976.29

林地

20051 309.6818 527.4017 915.6716 890.4817 476.6516 193.0717 684.1917 707.5918 984.87
20101 308.6018 526.4117 907.0316 878.9617 470.4416 189.8317 674.7417 711.6418 983.34
20151 305.8118 393.66178 515.9016 854.4817 446.9516 163.8217 648.8217 662.1418 926.73
20201 302.5718 422.9117 896.32169.7217 581.5016 233.3917 628.4817 594.7318 872.82

草地

2005144.002 053.711 824.661 908.272 361.512 360.882 580.573 001.682 805.93
2010144.002 053.711 824.661 907.642 360.522 357.642 580.393 001.322 805.93
2015142.742 034.091 803.151 886.402 342.072 343.332 572.652 994.392 781.63
2020140.312 012.491 799.73188.982 298.242 333.522 556.183 033.362 790.36

水域

2005381.78130.23169.92249.12369.99342.63269.91233.37188.73
2010381.69129.51169.29248.85370.08342.18278.37236.79189.54
2015379.62124.02167.22246.69369.27341.55278.19236.07185.94
2020368.16118.80153.54216.09355.05346.86298.44235.89181.89

建设用地

2005176.04131.31186.75184.41277.83269.73210.51176.67206.37
2010190.26138.06207.00209.61305.55294.93237.33204.03224.46
2015237.24211.50295.02295.11380.43353.43303.03264.33294.12
2020402.12310.05459.18467.82596.43517.14475.20405.90457.47
表5  永定区2005~2020年土地利用景观类型面积坡向分布统计表 (hm2)
高程分级类型PDLPIAI
200520102015202020052010201520202005201020152020
<200 m耕地1.321.351.631.4611.9211.6410.829.3393.4693.3393.2392.90
林地2.432.432.542.453.203.203.193.2085.6685.6685.6385.35
草地0.410.410.420.441.011.011.011.0183.8983.8883.8383.76
水域0.210.210.240.267.577.577.474.4189.7989.7989.7389.08
建设用地1.261.300.670.722.512.512.824.0987.6887.7189.2092.73
200~300 m耕地2.522.552.612.463.373.373.373.3288.6688.5988.5388.70
林地2.993.023.033.072.872.862.932.9387.7587.7087.7287.66
草地0.680.690.720.780.380.380.380.3985.5985.5485.5185.10
水域0.270.260.260.240.630.630.630.8081.9882.0682.1484.64
建设用地0.550.620.370.490.160.160.200.2176.1074.6481.1580.38
300~500 m耕地1.571.571.571.530.880.881.020.8888.1188.1188.1388.11
林地1.101.111.131.1215.1615.1615.1615.2293.2493.2393.2293.27
草地0.290.290.290.280.500.500.500.5090.5590.5590.5590.62
水域0.060.060.060.060.070.070.050.0576.2176.2176.2379.83
建设用地0.120.140.080.100.010.010.060.0676.9975.0378.6880.54
500~800 m耕地1.401.401.371.300.590.590.640.6586.9186.9187.1687.25
林地0.980.981.010.9817.6917.7017.7117.7794.4794.4794.4694.50
草地0.390.390.400.390.850.850.851.0791.6291.6291.6091.84
水域0.020.020.020.010.050.050.050.0586.8186.8186.8189.16
建设用地0.020.020.020.030.010.010.010.0179.6377.8679.9178.32
>800 m耕地1.151.151.010.830.530.530.580.5885.6685.6586.3087.04
林地1.231.231.261.2017.0517.0517.0517.1694.4494.4594.4394.61
草地0.580.580.610.575.105.105.105.1093.0193.0192.9593.13
水域0.010.010.010.010.020.020.020.0290.8090.8090.8092.86
建设用地0.010.010.010.000.000.000.000.000.00
表6  2005~2020年永定区类型水平指数高程分异特征统计表
坡度分级类型PDLPIAI
200520102015202020052010201520202005201020152020
0°~6°耕地49.4249.4549.6848.823.433.433.073.0773.4273.2372.8571.79
林地123.80123.72123.25123.370.200.200.190.1632.4232.4032.6632.65
草地15.2215.2115.0614.810.020.020.020.0227.5127.5127.5227.59
水域2.292.292.322.331.611.611.571.5877.1777.1777.1076.67
建设用地2.132.402.483.071.161.161.161.6878.3478.0578.6883.07
6°~15°耕地25.6925.6825.6624.940.320.320.320.3256.3356.3256.3956.40
林地68.2768.2868.2968.300.400.400.400.3750.6750.6650.5850.58
草地10.0410.0310.029.960.380.380.380.3849.9349.9349.8149.92
水域1.601.601.591.430.030.030.030.0746.1546.0846.0446.21
建设用地1.321.481.502.000.090.090.090.1053.6953.0855.3756.03
15°~25°耕地18.9418.9418.9218.490.170.170.170.1754.9354.9255.0255.09
林地47.6447.6547.6647.571.171.171.171.2154.5954.5954.5654.55
草地6.966.966.956.850.190.190.190.1956.0456.0456.0056.34
水域1.051.051.041.020.010.010.010.0138.1038.2338.3237.93
建设用地0.460.560.690.920.010.010.010.0244.7144.5347.6249.38
25°~35°耕地21.9421.9322.0221.440.080.080.080.0847.0947.0747.0947.11
林地70.8570.8470.7670.630.520.550.550.5551.2551.2551.2651.29
草地11.1611.1611.1311.010.130.130.130.1351.0751.0651.0451.21
水域1.131.141.141.200.010.010.010.0134.6134.6234.7232.12
建设用地0.190.250.350.580.000.000.000.0136.7036.6435.7739.18
>35°耕地12.4712.4512.4411.960.100.100.110.1151.3951.3951.8951.80
林地53.9253.9253.9553.9512.6512.6512.6512.7166.3166.3166.2866.31
草地9.399.399.369.390.200.200.200.2060.4660.4660.4860.05
水域0.710.740.130.240.110.110.010.0161.7761.5948.6350.98
建设用地0.080.120.740.680.010.010.080.1553.7748.4461.5163.57
表7  2005~2020年永定区类型水平指数坡度分异特征统计表
坡向类型类型PDLPIAI
200520102015202020052010201520202005201020152020
平缓地耕地231.79230.68228.38214.740.210.210.210.1725.0224.9624.6423.92
林地303.89303.65301.69301.690.120.120.120.128.078.058.278.14
草地35.2235.2234.9634.540.020.020.020.025.715.715.665.50
水域12.3712.3412.2410.411.691.691.691.7664.8664.8865.0466.87
建设用地23.1725.0530.2244.890.060.060.080.1724.6124.5925.5928.63
北坡耕地39.0538.9538.6037.060.160.160.220.2443.4343.4744.5544.78
林地79.5679.5479.4679.350.370.370.370.3759.0159.0158.8858.94
草地11.4411.4411.4111.230.100.100.100.1055.4255.4255.3955.45
水域2.632.622.602.360.050.050.050.0430.8530.8430.0332.18
建设用地2.262.433.134.670.030.030.030.0332.6631.9235.4334.86
东北坡耕地44.7144.6244.2642.380.110.110.110.1149.0449.0449.2249.43
林地80.3380.3380.0580.070.580.580.580.5858.7758.7758.7858.78
草地10.4410.4410.4210.210.080.080.080.0855.0155.0154.9555.36
水域2.952.952.932.710.010.010.010.0129.1429.1428.9329.17
建设用地2.843.113.875.480.020.020.030.0332.0132.6636.5838.36
东坡耕地48.2048.0747.6545.670.190.190.190.1852.8852.9052.9652.97
林地78.6278.6378.4578.390.320.320.320.3457.9157.8957.9258.05
草地10.0710.0710.009.770.150.150.150.1556.1956.1856.1156.54
水域3.273.263.253.080.020.020.020.0235.9936.0135.9733.23
建设用地2.903.173.885.690.010.020.030.0431.8233.0236.3038.43
东南坡耕地45.1745.0944.8143.080.150.150.150.1555.5655.5755.6655.82
林地69.6269.5669.3969.230.240.240.260.2659.6759.6759.7059.87
草地9.339.339.299.140.160.160.160.1659.5659.5659.5459.33
水域2.983.002.972.850.040.040.040.0444.3544.2744.3643.78
建设用地2.522.783.334.930.020.020.030.0342.2142.0242.5343.94
南坡耕地49.2349.1448.7947.080.170.170.170.1754.4654.4654.5954.73
林地77.2777.2177.0777.080.260.260.260.2657.4157.4257.4157.49
草地10.5910.6010.6110.420.120.120.120.1258.9958.9558.9459.10
水域3.503.523.503.410.050.050.050.0442.5642.4542.4942.86
建设用地2.743.053.575.190.140.140.140.0744.5143.9743.7642.28
西南坡耕地43.6143.5943.2541.600.210.210.210.2152.1752.1352.2152.52
林地72.7872.7172.5672.490.260.260.260.2658.6758.6758.6858.70
草地10.8510.8510.8210.840.140.140.140.1458.5158.5158.5258.40
水域2.972.962.962.800.020.030.030.0437.6038.7638.7340.87
建设用地2.502.773.304.810.020.020.020.0336.9636.9939.0241.06
西坡耕地42.7142.6242.3340.680.140.140.140.1447.6947.5247.7248.03
林地77.9277.9277.7677.730.430.430.430.4358.7158.7358.7358.70
草地11.6911.6911.6111.460.230.230.230.2360.7760.7760.8261.17
水域3.103.143.143.090.050.050.050.0539.2639.3739.2639.46
建设用地2.612.943.525.200.010.010.010.0234.4835.0236.9137.51
西北坡耕地37.3037.2236.9335.360.100.100.100.1246.3446.3546.6747.10
林地73.8473.7973.5873.610.680.680.680.7861.7061.7061.7361.72
草地11.1011.1011.0910.890.170.170.170.1761.3561.3561.2861.35
水域2.872.882.852.740.020.020.020.0232.8132.7732.4433.40
建设用地2.652.853.565.120.010.020.020.0336.3936.3337.6039.73
表8  2005~2020年永定区类型水平指数坡向分异特征统计表
年份PD*LPI*CONTAGSHDIAI*
20051.0034.6264.360.9294.92
20101.0234.6264.220.9294.90
20150.9434.6563.890.9394.90
20200.8434.8363.460.9594.91
表9  永定区景观水平指数统计表
景观类型类型水平指数地形因子
高程坡度坡向

耕地

PD-0.546*-0.868**-0.558**
LPI-0.832**-0.746**-0.399*
AI-0.901**-0.837**-0.518**

林地

PD-0.773**-0.722**-0.566**
LPI0.896**0.732**0.455**
AI0.933**0.889**0.572**

草地

PD-0.002-0.545*-0.524**
LPI0.693**0.1300.824**
AI0.964**0.832**0.642**

水域

PD-0.895**-0.927**-0.521**
LPI-0.737**-0.699**-0.546**
AI-0.219-0.497*-0.327

建设用地

PD-0.862**-0.883**-0.517**
LPI-0.718**-0.706**-0.263
AI-0.768**-0.615**-0.570**
表10  类型水平指数与地形因子相关系数
变量名称相关系数显著性(双侧)
城镇化率0.954**0.000
地区生产总值0.915**0.000
地方财政收入0.838**0.000
人均 GDP0.906**0.000
农林牧渔服务业总产值0.984**0.000
全年接待国内外游客0.772*0.016
第一产业产值占 GDP 比重0.979**0.000
第二产业产值占 GDP 比重-0.631*0.035
第三产业产值占 GDP 比重0.991**0.000
农村居民人均可支配收入0.915**0.000
表11  皮尔逊相关性分析
类型回归方程驱动因素驱动类型DW值
耕地Y=306.431-0.177X1+0.561X2+1.069X5+1.941X10城镇化率、地区总产值、农林牧渔服务业总产值、农村居民人均可支配收入多因素1.570
林地Y=846.453+1.137X3+2.410X5+2.090X10地方财政收入、农林牧渔服务业总产值、农村居民人均可支配收入多因素2.942
草地Y=272.657-0.962X2地区生产总值单因素1.994
水域Y=50.384+0.322X5-0.767X2-1.176X3-0.312X1农林牧渔服务业总产值、地区生产总值、地方财政收入、城镇化率多因素2.134
建设用地Y=5.583+0.806X5+ 0.225X1农林牧渔服务业总产值、城镇化率双因素1.882
表12  多元逐步回归分析结果
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